A synchronous program algebra: a basis for reasoning about shared-memory and event-based concurrency

This research started with an algebra for reasoning about rely/guarantee concurrency for a shared memory model. The approach taken led to a more abstract algebra of atomic steps, in which atomic steps synchronise (rather than interleave) when composed in parallel. The algebra of rely/guarantee concurrency then becomes an instantiation of the more abstract algebra. Many of the core properties needed for rely/guarantee reasoning can be shown to hold in the abstract algebra where their proofs are simpler and hence allow a higher degree of automation. The algebra has been encoded in Isabelle/HOL to provide a basis for tool support for program verification. In rely/guarantee concurrency, programs are specified to guarantee certain behaviours until assumptions about the behaviour of their environment are violated. When assumptions are violated, program behaviour is unconstrained (aborting), and guarantees need no longer hold. To support these guarantees a second synchronous operator, weak conjunction, was introduced: both processes in a weak conjunction must agree to take each atomic step, unless one aborts in which case the whole aborts. In developing the laws for parallel and weak conjunction we found many properties were shared by the operators and that the proofs of many laws were essentially the same. This insight led to the idea of generalising synchronisation to an abstract operator with only the axioms that are shared by the parallel and weak conjunction operator, so that those two operators can be viewed as instantiations of the abstract synchronisation operator. The main differences between parallel and weak conjunction are how they combine individual atomic steps; that is left open in the axioms for the abstract operator.Comment: Extended version of a Formal Methods 2016 paper, "An algebra of synchronous atomic steps

Shape of lower second molar of Babirusa and SWP

Shape coordinates after superimposition for the lower M

Table S1

Sample information for all three specie

Plink file (bim)

Contains genotype for 605 dog

Mitochondrial DNA information

Contains long. lat. and archeological site information for the mtDNA sequences in mtDNA.f

Centroid size of lower third molar of Babirusa and SWP

Centroid size for the lower M

Shape of third second molar of Babirusa and SWP

Shape coordinates after superimposition for the lower M

Babirusa mtDNA

Fasta files containing Babirusa mtDNA dat

Centroid size of lower second of Babirusa and SWP

Centroid size for the lower M

Anoa mtDNA

Fasta files containing Anoa mtDNA dat